Thanos's cosmic-level power and durability exceed what Doom can match without external power-ups.
Doctor Doom has actually defeated Thanos in the comics by stealing the Beyonder's power, proving that his intellect and ambition can reach any level. But in a standard encounter without cosmic artifacts, Thanos holds significant advantages in raw power, durability, and energy projection.
Thanos has fought and staggered Galactus's heralds, survived attacks from Odin, and possesses cosmic awareness that makes him extremely difficult to ambush or outwit. Doom's combination of technology and sorcery is impressive, but Thanos's durability means those attacks accumulate slowly while his counter-attacks would breach Doom's shields.
Doom's sorcery gives him attack vectors that bypass physical defenses, which is valuable against Thanos. But the Titan's psychic defenses and cosmic awareness provide resistance to magical attacks as well. Without stealing cosmic power, Doom is fighting uphill.
Doom's sorcery bypasses physical defenses, and his genius for stealing cosmic power means he always has a path to victory given enough preparation. He has literally defeated Thanos before when properly equipped.
Thanos's raw power and durability exceed Doom's standard arsenal. His cosmic awareness provides resistance to ambush strategies, and his energy projection can breach Doom's shields. He fights at a consistently higher tier.
Thanos wins standard encounters through superior raw power. Doom with sufficient preparation and cosmic artifacts has proven he can win, but in a random fight, Thanos's tier advantage is decisive.
Doctor Doom also fights
Thanos also fights